AI Glossary

Advertising using a deepfake likeness or voice of a real person, often without their consent, raising questions of personality rights, misleading advertising and liability.

A Chinese model provider that attracted attention for training powerful models efficiently and sparked debate about the costs and geopolitics of AI.

A product that does not provide the safety that one is entitled to expect from it; for AI incorporated into products it is relevant to liability for damage.

A change from the Digital Omnibus, under which the obligations for standalone high-risk systems under Annex III are deferred to 2 December 2027, and for systems embedded in regulated products to 2 August 2028.

A natural or legal person that uses an AI system in the course of its activities without being its provider; the AI Act imposes specific obligations on it, particularly for high-risk systems.

A work created by adapting or altering an existing work, the creation of which generally requires the consent of the author of the original work.

A mathematical privacy framework that, by adding controlled noise, limits the ability to infer information about an individual from outputs.

A type of generative model that creates content by progressively removing noise from a random input; it underpins many image and video generators.

A term for an AI agent deployed within an organization to perform tasks independently in a manner similar to a human employee, raising questions of liability and oversight.

An artificially created rendering of a specific person's appearance or voice; creating and using it without consent conflicts with personality rights and other rights.

An EU regulation governing the conduct of large digital platforms designated as gatekeepers, with the aim of ensuring fair competition; it also touches on the integration of AI services with platforms.

We explain who the DMA applies to, what rights it gives businesses and how it differs from the DSA in our article The DMA Regulation in a Nutshell.

An artificially created digital copy of a specific person's appearance, voice or expression, the use of which without consent may interfere with personality rights.

An artificially created depiction of a specific person (image, voice) whose creation and use without consent runs up against personality rights and other protections.

An EU regulation governing the responsibility and obligations of providers of online services and platforms, including rules on content moderation and the transparency of recommender systems, which intersect with the use of AI.

You will find practical guidance in our article How to bring your terms and conditions into line with the DSA, and a comparison with the DMA in The DMA Regulation in a Nutshell.

The monitoring and evaluation of employees using AI, which touches on the protection of privacy, personal data and dignity and is particularly sensitive from the perspective of labor law.

A virtual model of a real object or process that is continuously updated with real-world data and used for simulation and optimization.

The phase of a dispute in which the parties exchange evidence. In AI disputes it has become apparent that operational records and product outputs can be requested by a court (e.g. an order to hand over millions of ChatGPT conversations).

Unjustified disadvantaging of individuals or groups as a result of AI decision-making, for example due to biased data or inappropriately set criteria.

A lawsuit by major film studios against the image generator Midjourney concerning the reproduction of protected characters and visual works in its outputs. It is among the leading disputes focused not on the inputs but on the outputs of generative AI.

A procedure in which a smaller model learns to imitate the behavior of a larger model in order to achieve similar results at a lower cost.

An entity in the supply chain that makes an AI system available on the market without being its provider or importer; the AI Act imposes certain obligations on it.

An entity that integrates a third party's GPAI model into its own system; it relies on the documentation and information provided by the original model provider.

A data protection impact assessment that a controller must carry out for processing that poses a high risk to the rights and freedoms of individuals, often relevant to AI systems.

The risk that a model's capabilities usable for legitimate purposes may be misused for harmful activities, for example in the area of cyberattacks or dangerous substances.